An LED, or light-emitting diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes through it. The core component of an LED lamp is a small chip made from electroluminescent materials. This chip is typically mounted on a bracket and secured with silver or white glue. It is then connected to the circuit board using fine wires—either silver or gold—and finally sealed with epoxy resin to protect the internal components. Once assembled, the lamp is enclosed in a housing, giving it excellent resistance to vibration and impact.
White LEDs are commonly produced using two main methods. The first involves "blue light technology," where a blue LED is coated with phosphor material to convert part of the blue light into other wavelengths, resulting in white light. The second method combines multiple monochromatic lights—such as red, green, and blue—to produce white light. Both techniques have been successfully implemented in various lighting applications. For example, Germany’s Hella has introduced aircraft reading lights powered by white LEDs, while Canberra, Australia, has adopted white LEDs for street lighting. In China, traffic signals are gradually being replaced by white LEDs, signaling a shift toward more energy-efficient lighting solutions. It is expected that in the near future, white LEDs will become a common household lighting option, replacing traditional bulbs.
What is the Wavelength Range of a Common White LED Source?The wavelength range of typical white LEDs is generally between 450 and 460 nanometers (nm). This range falls within the visible spectrum, specifically in the blue-violet region, which is often enhanced with phosphor coatings to achieve a broader white light output.
Spectral Alignment of Various Light Sources.Visible light spans a wavelength range from approximately 360 nm to 830 nm. LED illumination operates entirely within this visible range, making it more efficient and environmentally friendly compared to other light sources. Below are examples of how different light sources emit light across the spectrum.
Fluorescent lamps emit light that includes ultraviolet radiation below 360 nm, as shown in the image. This can be harmful to both health and materials over time.
Incandescent bulbs, on the other hand, emit not only visible light but also significant amounts of infrared and ultraviolet radiation outside the 360–830 nm range, as illustrated in the diagram below. This makes them less efficient and less suitable for certain applications.
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