Whether direct current (DC) can be fatal depends on the amount of current that passes through the human body, not on whether it's AC or DC. Both types of electricity can be dangerous, but their effects and risks differ based on voltage, current, and how the electricity interacts with the body.
In most homes, we use alternating current (AC), which is typically supplied in a three-phase four-wire system. In this setup, there are three live wires (phases) that are 120 degrees out of phase with each other, and a fourth wire called the neutral. The neutral is connected to the ground, usually via a transformer buried underground. When the three phases are balanced, the current in the neutral line is zero, so it can sometimes be omitted, resulting in a three-phase three-wire system. However, at the consumer end, where loads are often unbalanced, the neutral is essential to maintain stability and prevent voltage fluctuations.
There are several ways people can get electrocuted. For example, touching two live wires (also known as "hot" lines) creates a complete circuit, allowing current to flow through the body. Similarly, touching one live wire and the neutral can also result in electric shock. If someone touches just one live wire but is grounded (like standing on wet ground), a current path is still formed through the body to the earth, causing a shock.
Another dangerous scenario is step voltage. This occurs when high-voltage electricity is grounded, creating a voltage gradient in the surrounding soil. As a person walks into the area, the voltage difference between their feet causes current to flow through the body, potentially leading to serious injury or death.
Direct current (DC) behaves differently. It requires two wires to complete a circuit, so an electric shock can only occur if a person touches both wires at the same time. This makes accidental shocks less likely compared to AC systems. Additionally, high-voltage DC is less commonly used in everyday environments, further reducing the risk of electric shock. However, this doesn't mean DC is completely safe — it can still be deadly under the right conditions, especially at higher voltages. So while DC may have some inherent safety advantages, it should never be treated as harmless.
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