As an extremely important strategic resource, the rare earth, known as the industrial "MSG", has seen the "combination boxing" of rare earth phosphors after the "combination boxing" such as restricting exports and greatly increasing resource taxes in the country. It has an important impact on the manufacturing of fluorescent powders for lamps and energy-saving lamps. From then on, it has entered a period of relying on technological innovation to survive, market, development and meet new opportunities and challenges.
By reviewing the development history of rare earth phosphors and their applications, this paper presents a personal opinion and suggestions for the future development of rare earth phosphors and their application status.
I. Development opportunities
1.1 “Green Lighting†Eliminates Incandescent Lamps
The low-carbon economy is an economic development model of “low energy consumption, low pollution, and low emissionsâ€. The key is the innovation of core technologies, institutional innovation, institutional innovation and the renewal of development concepts. Low-carbon economy, low-carbon consumption, and low-carbon life are further improving the efficiency of resource and energy utilization, creating advanced energy-saving operation technologies and clean energy structures. In view of the excellent performance of high-efficiency energy-saving light sources in terms of light efficiency, light color, color rendering, and longevity, in the context of global response to climate change and energy shortage, in recent years, developed countries and developing countries and regions in the world have implemented “green lightingâ€. "With the elimination of incandescent activities. The specific time is shown in Table 1:
1.2 Rare earth phosphor production is developing steadily
Based on the research of rare earth solid-state luminescence in China in the 1970s, the development, production and practical use of rare earth X intensifying screen, fluorescent scintillation crystal, projection tube, color picture tube, color TV cathode ray phosphor and high pressure mercury lamp phosphor Promoted the development of China's lamp rare earth trichromatic phosphor industry. In the early 1980s, China's first batch of rare earth trichromatic phosphors for lamps were industrialized in Shanghai Yuelong Chemical Plant, and successively produced rare earth compacts in Shanghai Huguang Lighting Factory, Shanghai Electric Bead Factory No. 2 and Shanghai Bulb No. 3 Plant. Three primary color energy-saving fluorescent lamps enter the home shopping mall. In the 1990s, the rare earth phosphor industry achieved great development. The first national standard for lamp powders, "Rare Earth Trichromatic Phosphors for Lamps", was released in 1993. In recent years, new standards, new materials, new processes, new equipment, and new light sources have emerged, and the luminescent materials industry has entered a period of economies of scale. The new rare earth phosphors for lamps have a pure color narrow-band line spectrum and a rich broadband spectrum. Superior secondary characteristics, high temperature resistance, low mercury consumption, resistance to electron bombardment and anti-ultraviolet radiation, high luminous efficiency, good light color, small color drift, high color rendering index and high lumen maintenance.
The output of rare earth trichromatic phosphors for lamps in China has grown rapidly, from 1.2 tons/year in 1986 to 8,000 tons/year in 2010, and the quality of powder has generally improved. According to statistics, at present, the production capacity of rare earth phosphors in China has reached 20,000 tons/year, and there has been a situation of overcapacity. The industry needs to further optimize and reorganize, integrate resources and rationally allocate. According to the analysis of current domestic and international market demand, it is expected that the production and sales of rare earth trichromatic phosphors for lamps this year will be basically stable. With the improvement of cost performance, high-end products will further increase, so that the powder consumption of lamps will be significantly reduced, and the luminous quality will be further improved. . Compared with the T2-8W spiral fluorescent tube, the traditional T4-10W double U compact fluorescent tube with the same power is only 1/3 of the former. The 1 ton lamp with rare earth trichromatic fluorescent lamp can meet 3 million The need for T2-8W spiral fluorescent tubes. The production, sales and growth rate of rare earth trichromatic phosphors for lamps in China from 1999 to 2010 are shown in Table 2.
With the rapid development of ceramic metal halide lamps and white LEDs and W?OLED industry, the production of rare earth phosphors for lamps is in a stable development trend. The specific time is shown in Table 2:
1.3 Rare earth energy-saving fluorescent lamp industry has a good momentum of development
Since June 1, 2008, China has implemented the energy efficiency labeling system for lighting products for the first time, and issued the “Implementation Rules for Energy Efficiency Labeling of Self-ballasted Fluorescent Lampsâ€, which stipulates that self-ballasted fluorescent lamps with a level 3 energy efficiency can be sold. It is recommended to recommend products with a level 2 logo or higher. On the other hand, the EU has implemented the ROHS directive on September 1, 2009. According to the performance indicators of the existing halogen powder fluorescent lamps, the fluorescent lighting efficacy and lumen maintenance rate indicators that cannot meet the requirements of the directive will prompt the traditional halogen powder fluorescent lamps to exit. Lighting market. At present, the EU ROHS directive further tightens the exemption limits for raw hazardous substances (mercury and lead) and will implement the deadlines in stages.
Domestic and international energy efficiency standards for high-efficiency rare earth energy-saving fluorescent lamps, especially for mercury and lead content, safety and environmental indicators have also increased year by year. Rare earth energy-saving fluorescent lamps should have the advantages of high frequency, low mercury, miniaturization, high light efficiency, high color rendering, high stability, low light decay, long life, and small color drift, and strive to achieve a low carbon economy in production and application. The purpose of eco-lighting, energy saving and environmental protection, as the main application product of rare earth luminescent materials, rare earth energy-saving fluorescent lamps will have good development opportunities.
China has been able to produce a variety of rare earth tri-color compact energy-saving fluorescent lamps, such as H-type, U-type, M-type, 2D-type, diamond-shaped, spherical, spiral, umbrella-shaped, shaped, etc., becoming the world's most style, the most variety The whole compact fluorescent lamp production kingdom. In addition to the compact type, the rare earth trichromatic energy-saving fluorescent lamp also has a straight tube shape, a ring shape and a square shape; and the rare earth special fluorescent lamp is joined, the power is from 1W to 120W, respectively, the cold cathode fluorescent lamp, the external electrode fluorescent lamp, the electrodeless fluorescent lamp, the low pressure neon lamp , health lights, plant growth lights, aquarium lights, UV lights, etc. China's rare earth compact energy-saving fluorescent lamps account for more than 80% of the world's output, and 70 to 80% of the export to the international market, mainly OEM, but the export price is very low. China has made great contributions to the world's green lighting industry and has paid a huge price.
Although affected by the financial crisis in 2008, the annual output and export volume of rare earth trichromatic fluorescent lamps in China can still maintain a certain growth, especially T2 thin tube diameter and high luminous efficiency with cover lamps. The demand for T5 and T8 high-efficiency rare earth energy-saving fluorescent lamps is increasing year by year. It is expected to grow from the current annual output of more than 4 billion to 6 billion in 2015, and will consume nearly 10,000 tons of rare earth phosphors for lamps.
With the advancement of technology, the quality of rare earth phosphors for lamps can be improved, and the characteristics of low-power consumption, high luminous efficiency, high color rendering and long life of rare earth energy-saving fluorescent lamps can be fully utilized. One is to further improve the luminous efficiency and lumen maintenance of rare earth compact fluorescent lamps; the second is to replace the traditional halogen powder double-end fluorescent lamps; the third is to reduce the amount of rare earth phosphors used in lamps and the amount of mercury used to make the light of the lamps The efficiency is increased from 70 lm/W to 110 lm/W, and the color rendering index Ra is increased from 65 to 84 or even 90. This is beneficial to the international and domestic energy efficiency standards for energy efficient lighting products.
Second, the problem of rare earth luminescent materials industry
1 The variety of rare earth energy-saving fluorescent lamps, the rare earth trichromatic phosphors for lamps have not kept up with the development needs.
The purity and efficiency of the narrow-band spectrum and the comfort and complementary color of the broadband spectrum must be fully utilized. The relationship between the powder and the particles should be clarified from the microscopic level, and the "luminescence spectrum is broadened and the particle gradation is narrowed" to enhance the rare earth. The luminescent quality and secondary characteristics of the phosphor. Different types of lamps and different photoelectric characteristics should be equipped with phosphors with different physical and chemical properties. The refinement and classification of phosphors should be accelerated to meet the needs.
2. China's integrated rare earth compact fluorescent lamps, most of which are OEM-made for OEM processing.
We pay our own resources, manpower, material resources, and financial resources, especially the valuable rare earth materials, which consume a lot of oil and coal, heavy metals, halides, mercury, lead and radioactive materials with high energy consumption and high pollution. Waste water and dust pollute the environment, and we pay a high price. Moreover, due to the competitive price reduction from the rare earth energy-saving fluorescent lamp enterprises to the competitive price of related supporting enterprises, the purchase price of OEM OEM products by multinational company buyers has decreased by 5% every year, and has been decreasing year by year. Because of their brands and markets, they have mastered "Discourse power" and "pricing power" have led to a meager profit for the entire industry and even to the edge of continuous losses. Therefore, we must master modern scientific management, advanced manufacturing technology and green economy development methods, from extensive intensive manual production to intelligent automatic mechanized production, develop the industry, develop and win market share.
3. The domestic demand market is relatively lagging behind.
China's export of rare earth tri-color compact energy-saving lamps accounted for 70% to 80% of the total global production and sales over the years, while its domestic demand market is relatively lagging behind. If the domestic market expands further, the prospects will be broader. Under the standardization and policy guidance of the domestic marketing operation mode, it will further benefit the expansion of the domestic demand application market.
Therefore, it is necessary to give full play to the comprehensive advantages of rare earth resources, electric light source industry and optoelectronics industry, and work hard on “applicationâ€, especially the application development of high-end products of cutting-edge technology, new materials and environmental protection and energy-saving technologies, from basic theory and applied technology. Fully sublimate, increase the value of the company, and enhance the competitiveness in the international market.
Third, development and recommendations
1. To solve the problem of production and application of rare earth phosphors for lamps from the source
China's energy-saving and environmentally-friendly lighting has entered the era of ecological lighting, functional lighting and intelligent lighting from a general lighting.
Firstly, it is necessary to solve the pretreatment of rare earth oxides and non-rare earth oxides required for the synthesis of rare earth phosphors for lamps and the technical standards for rare earth phosphors such as alumina and magnesia, and coprecipitation of rare earth oxides, lanthanum and cerium. Co-precipitation of lanthanum, cerium and lanthanum, rare earth oxides such as aluminum-based and phosphorus-based co-precipitation, and non-rare earth oxides and composite oxides to meet the needs of various rare earth fluorescent powder manufacturing processes and materials, from the source Solve the problem of standardization, serialization, industrialization, diversification and production application of rare earth phosphors for lamps.
Secondly, it is necessary to further strengthen the development and application of rare earth phosphors for blue and green lamps in phosphate systems, and comprehensively implement energy conservation and emission reduction and resource recovery from source to terminal.
On the basis of the rare earth trichromatic phosphor of the original lamp, the photoelectric characteristics and physical and chemical properties of the rare earth phosphor for lamps are further improved, and the amount of rare earth in the phosphor synthesis process is reduced, and the doping optimization method with different ratios is passed through orthogonal test and After the lamp is used, the secondary characteristics and photoelectric parameters are verified. The standardized and serialized specifications of different varieties are used to determine the reasonable ratio and process conditions of rare earth oxides, and the advantages of rare earth elements are fully utilized to reduce the intake of rare earth oxides. It is necessary to further clarify the optimal quantum efficiency of the mercury emission line, the emission wavelength of the chip and the phosphor, and find the corresponding relationship between the rare earth fluorescent powder for the lamp and the new energy-saving fluorescent lamp with the best excitation spectrum and emission spectrum. The research and development of new rare earth luminescent materials for lamps and the rare earth luminescent materials for visible light and visible light from the double-excitation of ultraviolet light to visible light are beneficial to mentioning the brightness of light, improving the color and color rendering, and realizing the composite light-emitting of traditional energy-saving light sources and white LEDs. The complement of the light source. Expanding the beam angle of white LEDs from 45°-90°-180°-270° or even 360°, reducing glare, improving the illumination and illumination uniformity and the system efficiency of the luminaire and the comfort of the lighting space, solving the whole system†Qualitative, quantitative, and fine-classification issues.
It is necessary to research and develop special lamp phosphors that are useful for plant growth and health care, with wavelengths of 620-720 nm red, orange and 400-510 nm blue and violet. 620-660nm red light and 710-740nm far red light, etc., red, orange, blue and other characteristic lines are used for FL, CFL, CCFL, LVD, HID, LED, OLED special lighting source devices, adapt to different plants, Irradiation required for leaf pulp, stems, and root plants.
Edit: Sophy
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